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Processing of Chinese medicinals with vinegar is one of the characteristic processing techniques. Vinegar is vital for the quality of vinegar-processed decoction pieces. However, there have been no specified standards for adjuvants. Through consulting relevant literature and monographs, we comprehensively reviewed the historical evolution of processing with vinegar in records, selection and application of vinegar, and summarized the relevant standards and current status of vinegar as an adjuvant in China. According to the records in literature, vinegar is effective in activating blood, moving qi, dispersing blood stasis, removing toxin, promoting appetite, and nourishing the liver. Traditionally, rice vinegar is chosen in processing. Nowadays, the vinegar made from rice under solid-state fermentation should be chosen. At present, only food standards can be taken for reference for vinegar in the processing. Integrative and specific inspection indicators are lacking, so the standards for adjuvants need to be improved urgently. In addition, the inadequacy in quality control and management is also a major problem to be solved. Through literature research, we reviewed the historical evolution and research advance in vinegar to provide a reference for the standardization and further research of vinegar used in the Chinese medicinal processing.
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Acetic Acid , Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Oryza , Quality ControlABSTRACT
To investigate the effects of leptin on glucose metabolism and related inflammatory factors in diabetic rats. Methods: Ten healthy male Wistar rats were randomly selected as the control group. Fifty rats were fed with high sugar and high fat diet and injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 25 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. They were randomly divided into model group, leptin low, middle and high dose group. The rats in the low, middle and high dose group were fed with leptin at the doses of 20, 50 and 100 μg/kg for 5 d respectively. Blood glucose (FBG) was measured by GOD-PAP method, insulin content (INS) was tested by radioimmunoassay, the serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein (HDL-C) were determined by automatic biochemical analyzer, the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot was used to detect the expression of leptin in adipose tissue of diabetic rats. Compared with the control group, the blood glucose levels of other groups were increased significantly (P＜0.01). Compared with the model group, the blood glucose levels of middle and high dose leptin rats decreased significantly (P＜0.05, P＜0.01). The insulin level of high dose leptin group decreased significantly (P＜0.01). There was no significant difference in FBG and INS among the three groups (P＞0.05). Compared with the model group, TC levels of middle and high dose leptin group were decreased significantly (P＜0.05, P＜0.01). TG and LDL-C levels of high dose leptin group were decreased significantly (P＜0.05), HDL-C level of high dose group was increased significantly (P＜0.01). Compared with different dose groups, the high dose of leptin (100 μg/kg) could decrease the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C, and increase the level of HDL-C, which was better than those of the middle and low dose of leptin (P＜0.05) Compared with the model group (52.27±10.93), the levels of leptin in low, middle and high dose group were (47.35±12.09), (44.68±10.23) and (40.13±9.87) respectively, which could be decreased by leptin in a dose-dependent manner. The abnormal secretion of leptin is one of the factors inducing diabetes mellitus. Under the intervention of a certain concentration of exogenous leptin (100 μg/kg), it can significantly reduce the level of MDA, TNF-α, and improve the level of IL-6. The mechanism may be closely related to the reduction of inflammatory response, oxidative stress and correction of dyslipidemia. Leptin also reduces the risk of disease progression in diabetes treatment.
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Objective The objective of this study was to determine the lesion range between gastric cancer lesions and normal gastric wall,improve the early diagnosis of gastric cancer rate,distinguish between me-tastatic lymph nodes and non-metastatic lymph nodes,and accurate N staging by dual-source CT double-en-ergy enhanced scan parameters.Methods The dual energy enhanced scan of patients with preoperative gastric cancer was performed by Siemens Somatom Definition Flash dual-source CT.The collected data were analyzed by Syngo.Via software and reconstructed three-dimensionally to obtain the absolute iodine of gastric cancer,nor-mal gastric wall,metastatic lymph node and non-metastatic lymph node value,standardized iodine value and vir-tual single energy spectrum curve of the slope to combine with postoperative pathological results.The use of statis-tical methods was to determine the difference between the post-and preoperation.Results The absolute iodine values(IC)were(3.329±0.812)g/L in the gastric cancer lesion and(64.006±17.450)% for the standard io-dine values(NIC).The slope of the virtual single energy spectrum curve was-2.916±1.3227,IC(1.563±0.708)g/L in the normal gastric wall.The NIC were(37.122±16.267)%and-1.621±1.4028 for the slope of the virtual single energy spectrum curve.They were significantly statistical difference(P<0.05).The IC of meta-static lymph nodes were(2.968±0.547)g/L,(63.597±14.633)% for the NIC and(-2.532±0.753)for the slope of the virtual single energy spectrum curve.The IC of non-metastatic lymph nodes were(1.465±0.408)g/L,(35.240±14.357)%for the NIC and(-1.378±0.726)for the slope of the virtual single energy spectrum curve.They also had significantly statistical difference(P<0.05).Conclusion Dual-source CT dual-energy scan combined with three-dimensional reconstruction technique can help to determine the lesion range,improve the diagnostic rate of early gastric cancer,distinguish between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes,and improve the accuracy of N staging.
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Objective The objective of this study was to determine the lesion range between gastric cancer lesions and normal gastric wall,improve the early diagnosis of gastric cancer rate,distinguish between me-tastatic lymph nodes and non-metastatic lymph nodes,and accurate N staging by dual-source CT double-en-ergy enhanced scan parameters.Methods The dual energy enhanced scan of patients with preoperative gastric cancer was performed by Siemens Somatom Definition Flash dual-source CT.The collected data were analyzed by Syngo.Via software and reconstructed three-dimensionally to obtain the absolute iodine of gastric cancer,nor-mal gastric wall,metastatic lymph node and non-metastatic lymph node value,standardized iodine value and vir-tual single energy spectrum curve of the slope to combine with postoperative pathological results.The use of statis-tical methods was to determine the difference between the post-and preoperation.Results The absolute iodine values(IC)were(3.329±0.812)g/L in the gastric cancer lesion and(64.006±17.450)% for the standard io-dine values(NIC).The slope of the virtual single energy spectrum curve was-2.916±1.3227,IC(1.563±0.708)g/L in the normal gastric wall.The NIC were(37.122±16.267)%and-1.621±1.4028 for the slope of the virtual single energy spectrum curve.They were significantly statistical difference(P<0.05).The IC of meta-static lymph nodes were(2.968±0.547)g/L,(63.597±14.633)% for the NIC and(-2.532±0.753)for the slope of the virtual single energy spectrum curve.The IC of non-metastatic lymph nodes were(1.465±0.408)g/L,(35.240±14.357)%for the NIC and(-1.378±0.726)for the slope of the virtual single energy spectrum curve.They also had significantly statistical difference(P<0.05).Conclusion Dual-source CT dual-energy scan combined with three-dimensional reconstruction technique can help to determine the lesion range,improve the diagnostic rate of early gastric cancer,distinguish between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes,and improve the accuracy of N staging.
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Objective To investigate the correlation of extent and pattern of computed tomography ( CT) enhancement of tumor lesions and histological types in advanced gastric carcinoma .Methods A total of 121 ca-ses of advanced gastric carcinoma were included in this study .Tri-phase enchanced 64-slice spiral CT scan-ning was performed before operation for every patient .We judged the extent lesions′of and pattern of enhance-ment using axial images combined with reconstruction of VR ,MPR and MIP.Then the radiographic result of every subject was compared with its corresponding postoperative histological type after operation .Results In the pres-ent study,the correlation of extent of CT enhancement of tumor lesions and histological types were as follows :ade-nocarcinoma patients were mostly with moderate enhancement ( n=57,61.3%),mucinous adenocarcinoma pa-tients were mostly with mild enhancement (n=7,46.7%).While obvious enhancement were mostly observed in patients with signet ring cell carcinoma(n=8,61.5%).The correlation of pattern of CT enhancement of tumor lesions and histological types were as follows:adenocarcinoma patients were mostly with well -distributed en-hancement(n=58,62.4%),while endothecium obvious enhancement were mostly seen in patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma(n=13,86.7%)and signet ring cell carcinoma (n=7,58.3%).Conclusions There are signif-icant correlation between advanced gastric carcinoma′s tri-phases enhancement characteristics with 64-slice spiral CT and its histological types .Judging histological type using 64-slice spiral CT before operation is useful for formulating and optimizing the therapeutic regimen for gastric cancer patients ,and it is significant for observing the tumors′biological behavior and judging the curative effect .
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze chlorogenic acids contained in Lonicera japonica water extracts, and to investigate the regularity of changes in chlorogenic acids during the water extraction process.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 analytical column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was eluted with 0.1% formic acid (A)-acetonitrile (B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.5 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was 327 nm and the column temperature was 30 degrees C. Negative MS(n) mode was adopted in mass spectrum for ananlyzing the 22 samples of L. japonica water extracts.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Caffeic acid and six organic acids were accurately identified from the water extracts. During the extraction, the contents of chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid became stable or gradually decreased after reaching the highest value. The contents of other components had long been increasing, but with a decreasing rate of change.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This study provides basis for improving the production process of traditional Chinese medicine preparations containing L. japonica.</p>
Subject(s)
Chlorogenic Acid , Chemistry , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Methods , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Lonicera , Chemistry , Molecular Structure , Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization , Methods , Tandem Mass Spectrometry , MethodsABSTRACT
Objective To compare the clinical values of 16-slice spiral coroputed tomography(CT)and matrix metalloproteinases-9(MMP-9)in diagnosis of invasion and metastasis in human esophageal cancer.Methods Thirty-eight patients with esophageal cancer were detected with spiral CT,and their tumor tissues were detected for expression of MMP-9.Results 12 cases were diagnosed for vicinitic tissues damages by histopathological examination,while 11 cases were regarded to be damaged by CT and 13 cases were done according to MMP-9 determination;as to metastasis,there were 13 casese by histopathological examination,12 cases by CT and 16 cascs by MMP-9 determination.No statistical difference were observed in diagnosis of vicinitic tissues damages and metastasis by the three methods in positive rates,sensitivity,accuracy,specificity and diagnosis accordance rates(P＞0.05).Conclusion It is the important method for spiral CT in diagnosis of esophageal cancer,which could not be replaced by others in judgement of invasion and metastasis.
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Objective To explore the clinical value of 16-slice spiral CT and its post-processing technics in diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma.Methods CT characteristics,surgery and pathological data of forty-three patients with colorectal carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively.Results The accurate diagnosis rate using 16-slice spiral CT was 100%,a total of forty-five focus were observed by CT and its post-processing pictures.It is safe to detect colorectal carcinoma using spiral CT without wounds.Further more,tumors and its growth towards enteric cavity,wall thichness,damaged surroundding tissues were all observed clearly as well as metastasize.Conclusion 16-slice spiral CT and its post-processing technics is effective in diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma,which should be used in clinical experiences.